LEARNING İNGİLİZCE SINAV SORULARI
PSY 235-LEARNING
Instructor: Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Özakpınar
Midterm Exam I
Date: 05.11.2007
Duration: 90 min.
1) How do we consider learning and memory as distinct processes and why it is true to say that memory and learning are interwoven as mental processes.
2) A reflex and the most complicated and much practiced skilled behavior are integrated in performance by the brain. Discuss the integrative function of the brain as a system governing the adaptation of the organism to the environmental conditions. Consider the example of the performance of an ice-skater.
3) Compare classical Pavlovian conditioning with instrumental conditioning and discuss what is learned in each case?
4) When an animal cannot avoid the harmful stimulus even though it performs the instrumental response, it ceases to do the response and becomes inactive in avoidance conditioning situation. Interpret this result in terms of information analysis and starting from this interpretation state the common principles unifying all kinds of learning.
5) Discuss the continuity-discontinuity problem in learning. What are the main arguments of Spence on the one hand and Lashley-Krechevsky on the other.
6) What are the important conclusions regarding
a) What we learn apart from learning specific responses?
b) Development of the child’s abilities
to be drawn from Harlow’s experiments on the formation of learning sets?
7) Discuss the concept of consolidation in learning and give clinical evidence for the kind of process that this concept implies.
Is reinforcement necessary for learning?
The same question in a different form:
Can you say that if the developing child does not get reinforcement s/he
does not learn anything.
PSY 235-LEARNING
Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Özakpınar
Midterm Exam II
Date: 03.12.2007
Duration: 90 min.
1. In relation to Adams and Dickinson’s view about the role of surprise on establishing a conditioned response to a stimulus, discuss the relevant experimental results (for example by Kamin and by Rescorla).
2. In classical conditioning, a particular reflexive response is already there in the situation. In instrumental learning, a particular response should somehow occur in the first place. Discuss the psychological nature of the two kinds of learning.
3. “Reinforcement is information”. Interpret.
4. Conditioning is a kind of cognition within the limiting frame of the conditioning situation. Discuss.
5. Explain the concept of releaser (sign stimulus) within the context of ethologist’s concept of species-specific innate response.
6. Explain the concept of “information” in the technical “information theory” sense, and relate it to the concept of uncertainty. What is the unit of information measurement?
7. Discuss Endel Tulving’s “Encoding Specificity Principle” and evaluate its validity in understanding the most important feature of skilled performance.
8. Discuss Vygotsky’s concept of “Proximal Zone of Development” and based on this concept, criticize the claim of measuring intelligence by a single application of an intelligence test.
PSY 235-LEARNING
Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Özakpınar
Final Exam
Date: 08.01.2008
Duration: 90 min.
1. In the procedure of repetition of the verbal material, if it results in learning and not just memorizing, what is repeated could not have been the psychological process itself. Explain.
2. Skinner’s operant conditioning by variable ratio schedule is more resistant to extinction than by reinforcement in every trial. Why?
3. Explain cognitive factors in social learning.
4. What is the significance of the data obtained from Cruze’s experiment on the relationship between learning and maturation in newborn chicks?
5. Explain the levels of communication in living organisms and discuss the characteristics of human level in terms of distinguishing capabilities of human beings.
6. a) Explain the relationship between the prior probability of an event and the amount of information gained when it actually occurs.
b) What contribution has information theory made to psychological understanding?
7. Compare the Speelman and Krisner experiment on syllogistic reasoning with Harlow’s experiment on the formation of learning sets. What do they point out in common?
8. Discuss the role of images in thinking in general and in creative thinking in particular.
PSY 235-LEARNING
Instructor: Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Özakpınar
Midterm Exam I
Compensatory Exam
Date: 15.11.2007
Duration: 90 min.
1- Explain the biological importance of habituation.
2- What does the animal learn in classical conditioning? Explain the role of reinforcement in this process.
3- Describe the procedure of shaping in operant conditioning
4- Describe the conceptual difference between learning a specific task and the acquisition of a learning set.
5- Why should the experimenter remove all the irrelevant stimuli in the conditioning room and must let the animal habituate to the experimental arrangements?
6- Can you explain the unity of all learning regarding the necessary information analysis in all learning situations?
